Pure copper is defined as having a minimum copper content of % [ 1 ]. While pure copper is used extensively for electrical components, such as cables and contacts, alloys like brass or bronze are used for thermal energy transfer applications, such as radiators and heat exchangers [ 2 ]. While the laserbased additive manufacturing of ...
Coal additives have a function to improve the calorific value of coal and improve combustion efficiency. Some pulverized coal samples were prepared based on ASTM D2013/D2013M18, then mixed with coal additives until homogeneous. The lab instruments are the bomb calorimeter and the proximate analysis.
The additives reduce the ignition temperature and the temperature corresponding to the maximum combustion rate of pulverized coal; simultaneously, they increase the heat released during pulverized ...
Pitch as a matrix precursor usually requires a modification of the raw pitch to have a high coke yield while maintaining good fluidity. Several methods have been used to modify petroleum or coaltar pitch (CTP): the treatment of pitch with sulfur as an additive [1], [7], mild oxidation by air blowing [8], [9], [10], and nitrogen blowing [11].
Effect of coal nature on the gasification process. Mustafa Ozer, ... Badie Morsi, in Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Technologies, 2017. Ash fusion temperature (melting temperature). AFT is an indicator of the ash melting behavior in the gasification process (Li, 2010).For the gasification of lowrank coals, such as lignite and brown coal, in fixed and fluidized beds ...
When mixed with water, many drilling fluid additives are designed to function within a pH range of to 10. This allows the additives to become soluble and disperse and in effect, function. The pH can be adjusted to the proper level by adding specific additives to the water. Two of these additives include caustic soda and potassium hydroxide.
In this paper, based on analysis of the chemical and physical processes of clinker formation, a heat flux function was introduced to take account of the thermal effect of clinker formation. Combining the models of gas−solid flow, heat and mass transfer, and pulverized coal combustion, a set of mathematical models for a fullscale cement rotary kiln were established. In terms of commercial ...
These additives modify and accelerate Portland cement hydration process, change its physical characteristics and mechanical behaviour. There a number of studies investigating the use of silica fume, coal, zeolites and ash as concrete supplements (pozzolanic additives) [2], [3]. Zeolites contain a high content of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3.
Fixed carbon is an important constituent of coal necessary for stable combustion process. From Figs. 4ae, it can be observed that except coal A, with increase in fixed carbon content combustion performance initially improves and later stabilizes. For coal J and D, with increase in fixed carbon content from 22% to 34%, performance improves.
Organic fuel additives OmstarDX1 and Open Flame are mixtures of light ethers. The use of OmstarDX1 and Open Flame additives with a concentration of up to 5 cm 3 /kg of coal leads to a somewhat ...
Hence, the CE of the coal increases. However, the influence of O2 enrichment on CE is limited. It has been shown through calculation that the CE increases by around % for a HV coal ( % VM) and % for a LV coal (14 % VM) when O2 enrichment of the hot air blast is raised from 0 % to 6 % by volume.
Purpose of Review This review presents an overview of highperformance ultrafiltration (UF) membranes, including fouling resistant, micellarenhanced, tight, adsorptive, and catalytic UF. The review discusses recent advances in the development of these membranes, focusing on their preparation method, performances, and applications. Then, the review concludes with a discussion of the challenges ...
YES the boiling point of gasoline can be raised (or lowered) by an additive depending on what it is as can the autoignition temperature which will increase "knock" using the right additive for the fuel you just bought and put in your tank is the trick and it is always going to be hit and miss depending on what refinery produced the ...
In recent years, we found that adding multiple additives in the process of coal combustion can promote the removal of NOx, ... The rate of the temperature increase on the surface of coal and additives was very high when it underwent sudden combustion in the tubular furnace at 1123 K. Thus, the combustion processes of the volatiles and coal char ...
Coal dust, or anthracite, is fast becoming a common additive in the green sand moulding process. It is a carbonaceous additive that under foundry conditions combusts and oxidises. Historically, the leading additive in green sand casting, as a carbonaceous material, was highly volatile bituminous coal, often referred to as sea coal.
Cylindershaped fuel pellets that were 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height, with a mass of 20 mg, were produced by compressing dry coal processing waste under the pressure of 5 MPa. The first group of pellets from coal dust with a particle size less than 140 µm did not contain any additives. The pellets of the second group of fuel compositions contained an oilimpregnated porous polymer ...
The method of achieving more efficient use of engine fuels and increasing their octane number by means of organic fuel additives is widely known [].For example, methyltertbutyl ether (the amount of which produced in Russia alone is around 1 million t a year) is used as an additive to achieving more efficient use of diesel fuel, OFAs on the basis of alcohols and light ethers with ...
For the rest of additives, which act reducing fluidity, it should be also taken into account that coalbased carbon s can also be prepared from lowfluidity coals (<20 ddpm) [13,21].
It is possible to increase the cetane number of a fuel by the use of energetic additives that encourage the autoignition process. Fig. illustrates the delay in ignition observed for a low cetane base fuel versus base fuel to which a cetane improver additive was added to yield a ten cetane number increase.
Many coal blending theories have been proposed for producing coke of a specific targeted quality by blending various kinds of coals. For example, Jo (1965) considered that coal consists of two components, a fibrous component and a caking component, and that increasing the strength of fibrous component (coal rank) and the addition of a suitable amount of caking component (caking property) are ...
The same high volatile bituminous coal carbonized by Chandra at 325°C at 6000 atm (not included in Fig. 16) showed an increase of bireflectance to Apart from the experiment at 850°C by Hryckowian and coworkers, in which bireflectance falls with rising pressure, there is a general trend of rising bireflectance with increasing pressure ...
PURPOSE: Pulverized coal comburent is provided to increase the fluidity of melting materials by increasing the temperature of a reactorcore in order to lower the viscosity of the melting materials. CONSTITUTION: Pulverized coal comburent includes 20 to 50% of converter slag, 10~15% of a peroxide, 20~30% of substituted hydroxyl aromatic ester derivative, and 3~12% of surfactant. The converter ...
Compared with no additive condition, NO removal efficiencies with Na 2 CO 3, KCl and NaCl are increased by, and percentage points at 950 °C respectively, and Na 2 CO 3 additive even results in an increase of NO reduction by up to percentage points at 850 °C, which suggests that the catalytic ability of the three additives ...
Food additives are substances primarily added to processed foods, or other foods produced on an industrial scale, for technical purposes, to improve safety, increase the amount of time a food can be stored, or modify sensory properties of food. Food additives are substances not normally consumed as a food by themselves and not normally ...
Catalytic coal gasification technology shows prominent advantages in enhancing coal gasification reactivity and is restrained by the cost of catalyst. Two typical biomass ash additions, corn stalk ash (CSA, high KNa and low Si) and poplar sawdust ash (PSA, high KCa and high Si), were employed to study the influence of biomass ash on pyrolysis process and char gasification reactivity of ...
When sample porosity is high gas diffusion would become easy in combustion process, and if reaction happens simultaneously across the particle to certain level the reaction process would become close to VM. With increase of ψ, particle porosity becomes low and resistance for gas to get into inner particle becomes strong, and at this situation ...
interlayer compounds are introduced in the interplanar spacing of coke during the calcination process. The study of additives used to modify raw materials of the production process of developed mesophase and further needle coke production allows us to conclude that the most promising modifiers are organic compounds, namely polymers and ...
If this VM is getting of its CPU then it is not fighting for resources. Also, based on your graph it looks like you are using a GHz physical CPU. If this is the case, the maximum CPU the VM can get is GHz unless you add another CPU so again, increasing shares probably will not help. But adding a CPU really should be the last resort.
The average coal blend properties ( Table 3) were found to be in terms of micro fines level (< mm fraction) of %, ash content of %, VM of %, vitrinite content of % and reflectance (MMR) of %. The average coking properties such as CSN, TD and MF were found to be 5, 60 and 274 ddpm, respectively.
To prepare the raw material for pelletization, some additives such as binder, limestone, coke/anthracite coal is used to form high grade iron pellets, which enhance the needed physical and chemical properties of pellet to process further. Binder plays the vital role to hold fines together and this can be agglomerated into pellet with high strength.
The most important weighting additive in drilling fluids is barium sulfate (BaSO 4 ). Barite is a dense mineral comprising barium sulfate. The specific gravity of barite is at least g/cm 3 to meet API specifications for producing mud densities from 9 to 19 lbm/gal. However, a variety of materials have been used as weighting agents for ...
Adding additive to the coal is an option and has grabbed the attention of many researchers for developing an additive. These additives for coal can effectively improve the combustion performance of the coal. This review paper contributes information about the impact of additives on coal combustion properties, coal calorific value, binder for ...
Volatile matter (VM) is the percentage loss in mass, adjusted for moisture, when coal is heated out of contact with air under standard conditions. In this test, 1 g of sample is placed into a lidded crucible (to prevent ingress of air), which is placed in a furnace at 900 °C for 7 min or 950 °C if using the ASTM method. Moisture in the analysis sample is determined concurrently.
The operational efficiency of a coke plant depends on three vital aspects: first, the produced coke should meet the quality standards required for the use of modern blast furnaces; second, the environmental consideration; and third, the cost of the coke.
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